and Grabovsky, V.I., Morphomechanics: goals, basic experiments and models, Int. 369–394.īelintsev, B.N., Fizicheskie osnovy formoobrazovaniya (Physical Fundamentals of Morphogenesis), Moscow: Nauka, 1990.īelousov, L.V., Luchinskaya, N.N., and Zaraiskii, A.G., Tensotaxis–collective movement of embryonic cells up along the gradients of mechanical tensions, Russ. As a result, directional movement of cells and LM intercalation become successive phases of collective cell movement, and the entire morphogenesis of DBL is the direct consequence of epiboly deceleration occurring upon gastric invagination.Īrnol’d, V.I., Teoriya katastrof (Catastrophe Theory), Moscow: Nauka, 1990.īelintsev, B.N., Beloussov, L.V., and Zaraisky, A.G., Model of pattern formation in epithelial morphogenesis, J. Pushing the “plug” into the inner layers by changing the DBL shape becomes the rate-limiting stage of gastrulation then, the directed cell movement is replaced by epiboly based on LM intercalation when the marks remaining on the outer surface of the marginal zone diverge along its meridians without directed migration towards the blastopore. The sites that began to move towards the DBL later overtake the areas that started movement earlier, which leads to a “plug” in the movement of cells. During the dorsal blastopore lip (DBL) formation, the invagination of surface cells fundamentally differs from the preceding and subsequent lateromedial (LM) intercalation, being associated with a decrease in the meridional distance and an increase in the latitudinal distance between the marked surface sites. Measuring the distances between individually identifiable marks whose size is smaller than the size of a single cell makes it possible to quantitatively analyze the geometry of collective cell movement without any external coordinate system. The surface of Xenopus laevis embryos was marked with carbon particles, after which the location of mark groups was recorded by time-lapse video imaging and subsequent image analysis until their disappearance in the depth of gastric invagination.
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